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US researchers have made <a href="https://www.cx-jos.com/molecular-sieve/">Molecular Sieve</a> fibers that open up new possibilities for large scale chemical separations that use much less energy than conventional distillation methods. Sankar Nair and his Georgia Institute of Technology team have shown their metal–organic framework (MOF)-lined fibers can perform similarly to distillation in separating propylene and propane. That’s the same post-cracking raw mixture that the majority of the 77 million tons of propylene produced in 2011 was distilled from. ‘The degree of separation by the membrane is comparable, but uses vastly less energy,’ Nair says.
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Though scientists recognize MOF membranes’ separation potential, they’ve mostly been fabricated on large tubes, whose surface area-to-volume ratio is too low for producing cheap separation modules. Micron-scale fibers would be better, but inside them conditions for successful membrane formation change significantly, Nair explains. ‘The amount of reactant present in the fiber is miniscule, and molecular transport and reaction processes are quite different,’ he says.
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The Georgia Tech team’s new approach uses two solutions – one containing zinc ions and another containing methyl imidazole. With one solution inside 250µm diameter hollow poly(amide-imide) porous fibers and another outside them, they start forming a zeolitic imidazolite framework (ZIF) where the two meet. They initially explored conditions where the solution inside the fiber didn’t move, but got patchy coatings. When they realized this setup wasn’t supplying enough reactant, they pumped the inner solution through the fiber, getting better coatings but struggling to control thickness and quality. Finally, they devised an intermittent approach, allowing the membrane to grow under static conditions, then periodically replenishing the reactant supply.
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This lets Nair’s team direct film growth inside the fiber or on its inner or outer surfaces through different reagent and solvent permutations. Using tiny pores in MOF films inside the bore of the fibers as selective <a href="https://www.cx-jos.com/molecular-sieve/carbon-molecular-sieve/">Carbon Molecular Sieve</a>s they then separated hydrogen or propylene from propane. ‘We have a demonstrated path to “scale down” MOF membranes to hollow fibers, in a manner that we can now look to “scale up” by an in-parallel replication of the process to many fibers bundled together into a module,’ Nair explains.
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<strong>What are Pneumatic Solenoid Valves?</strong>
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Pneumatic solenoid valves are electromechanical devices that control the flow of air or process gas. They are mostly used for controlling pneumatic actuators such as cylinders, turbines (pneumatic motors), diaphragms, and tubes. <a href="https://www.cx-jos.com/pneumatic-valve/">Pneumatic Valve</a> and actuators form auxiliary air circuits. These devices are used to control plant equipment.
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Other pneumatic solenoid valves are used as an integral part of some pieces of equipment or processes. Examples are compressed air systems, vacuum systems, ventilation systems, and air-operated equipment.
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Pneumatic solenoid valves are commonly seen in many industrial and manufacturing plants. One of their main benefits is being remote controlled by sending low-power electric signals over large distances. These electric signals are easily handled by the plant‘s control system. A control panel or unit distributes signals that manipulate the valve at unattended locations in the process area. Pneumatic solenoid valves are employed in a wide range of industries such as oil and gas, power generation, chemical, and plastics.
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<a href="https://www.cx-jos.com/pneumatic-valve/angle-seat-valve/">Angle Seat Valve</a> in the fields of medicine, pharmaceuticals, food, and beverage are preferred because of their clean operation. They are much cleaner than hydraulic solenoid valves which mainly use oil. They can be sealed to prevent any product from being trapped within its internal cavities. This, in turn, lessens the risk of product contamination.
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<strong>Working Principle</strong>
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The heart of a <a href="https://www.cx-jos.com/pneumatic-valve/shuttle-valve/">Shuttle Valve</a> is the solenoid. A solenoid is an electromagnetic actuator that converts electrical energy into mechanical action. It consists of a coiled wire tightly wrapped around an iron core, and a ferromagnetic plug or plunger. As an electrical current passes through the coil, a magnetic field is generated. The magnetic field lines can be imagined as a series of circles with the direction of their current axis. In the case of a current flowing through a looped coil, the circles combine forming the magnetic field.
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